"Related to the problem of universals, the principle of individuation is what individuates universals."

Having different properties. Things are equal based on the properties you find relevant. This is why we have an Eq typeclass. Next

"Otherwise known as the "paradox of the heap", the question regards how one defines a "thing.""

According the properties you need. A thing is a thing when you need it to be a thing. Next

"The mind–body problem is the problem of determining the relationship between the human body and the human mind."

This is a psycho-biological problem best left to scientists. Next

"Firstly, what are the criteria for intelligence? What are the necessary components for defining consciousness? Secondly, how can an outside observer test for these criteria?"

...okay I don't have a response for this one. Maybe I've been exposed to the AI-ists too much

"The hard problem of consciousness is the question of what consciousness is and why we have consciousness as opposed to being philosophical zombies."

oh I wish I was a philosophical zombie
It's all evolution's fault

"‘The problem of demarcation’ is an expression introduced by Karl Popper to refer to ‘the problem of finding a criterion which would enable us to distinguish between the empirical sciences on the one hand, and mathematics and logic as well as "metaphysical" systems on the other’."

There's no need. Next

"What are numbers, sets, groups, points, etc.?"

Conceptual tools. Doesn't matter if they're more than that. Next

"Are moral facts possible, what do they consist in, and how do we come to know them?"

The easy answer is no so my answer is: no

"The question hinges on whether color is a product of the mind or an inherent property of objects."

I think physics has answered this question
The more interesting question is: do people experience colour the same? Do you see green the way I see green? And the answer is, as always: we will never know, so it's a silly question

"if a man born blind, and able to distinguish by touch between a cube and a globe, were made to see, could he now tell by sight which was the cube and which the globe, before he touched them?"

There's literally real people to whom this has happened I'm pretty sure, but I don't remember what the answer was, but it was in my psych class

That's the end

There's probably a lot of philosophical problems you could solve with a few decades of incredibly inethical human experimentation

@nonphatic :(

@nonphatic or is it

@nonphatic that's not what universals are

@a_breakin_glass are they like Marvel's elementals